网络募捐不能违背公序良俗******
□ 金泽刚
近日，江秋莲与刘暖曦(曾用名：刘鑫)生命权纠纷案在山东省青岛市中级人民法院迎来终审宣判：驳回上诉，维持原判，刘暖曦需赔偿江秋莲各项经济损失49.6万元及精神损害抚慰金20万元。从法律上讲，该案已画上了句号，但案结事未了。随后刘暖曦通过微博就赔偿款发起网络募捐，引发很多网友愤慨。目前刘暖曦账号已被禁言。这起事件也引发了公众对网络募捐所涉法律问题的关注。
根据我国慈善法相关规定，慈善募捐，包括面向社会公众的公开募捐和面向特定对象的定向募捐。由于慈善的公益特性，决定了自然人主体并不具备慈善募捐的资格，因此个人在微博就赔偿款进行募捐，呼吁网民进行打赏不属于慈善募捐的范畴。此类行为在性质上可定义为通过网络的个人求助行为。
对于他人发起的求助，社会大众或出于同情、怜悯等缘由而给予其物质帮助，这在性质上归属于民事赠与，对此，法律并未禁止。当然，民事法律行为应当遵循诚实信用等基本原则，求助人不得采取欺诈等方式向他人求助，以获得捐款，还应当遵照事先说明的用途使用募捐款项，否则构成民法上的“欺诈”，即诈捐，诈捐是要承担相应法律责任的。
与此同时，我国民法典规定，民事主体从事民事活动，不得违反法律，不得违背公序良俗，违背公序良俗的民事法律行为无效。就此案来说，法院的判决已明确了其中的是非曲直，也尊重了人民群众朴素的公平正义观念。司法判决弘扬的是人间正气，呼唤的是社会良知，热心助人者应该得到补偿和认同，自私冷漠者必须得到批评和惩罚。这不只是司法判决的法理所在，也是社会公序良俗的必然要求。
2021年最高人民法院在《关于深入推进社会主义核心价值观融入裁判文书释法说理的指导意见》中指出，各级人民法院应当深入推进社会主义核心价值观融入裁判文书释法说理，将社会主义核心价值观作为理解立法目的和法律原则的重要指引，即司法判决就应彰显公平正义，鞭挞丑恶自私。由此案说开，如果其他案件的当事人也因违背社会主义核心价值观与中华传统美德的行为，对他人造成伤害而被法院判处承担赔偿责任，但又就赔偿款进行网络募捐，那么这一行为其实就是在向社会公序良俗发起挑战，在向社会主流价值观发起挑战，对此，相关网络平台要严格依据《网络信息内容生态治理规定》《关于切实加强网络暴力治理的通知》等相关规定，承担起相应的法律义务和社会责任，对相关当事人的一些偏激言论，乃至后续的网络募捐行为作出必要的限制和监管。
同现实生活中的“讨要”不同，网络属于虚拟空间，在网络上的“求助”不仅求助对象广泛，明显带有社会公共属性，而且便于美化自身角色，从而容易博取同情，进而获利。因此，对网络平台上的求助行为，特别是网络打赏等经济活动的监管亟待加强。对于是否将个人募捐求助纳入慈善法的规制范畴，值得进一步探讨。如果立法条件尚不成熟，亦可考虑在目前的《社会救助暂行办法》中增设关于“网筹型个人求助”的内容，因为完备的社会保障制度和慈善制度在外延上应当包括个人求助制度，个人求助的核心在于个人求助权利得到保障和实现。
无论如何，从目前的法律规定来看，不是什么钱都能在网上“讨要”。网络求助同样应当遵循民事行为的基本准则，而且，网络求助应当留给那些真正需要帮助的人，不能让网络平台为违法担责者博取同情、获取财物提供帮助。
(作者系同济大学法学教授，上海市嘉定区法学会副会长)
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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